Telecentric lens

ABSTRACT

A multi-element, telecentric lens for use in a laser deflection system, or the like. The lens comprises a front plano-convex element, a center plano-concave element, and a rear plano-convex element all of specified aperture and radii of curvature. A laser beam entering the entrance pupil of the lens is brought to a focus at the image plane in such a manner that the chief ray, and hence the image cone, is normal to the image plane, regardless of the angle of the laser beam as it enters the entrance pupil of the lens.

United States Patent- Moore Nov. 20, 1973 [54] TELECENTRIC LENS FOREIGN PATENTS 0R APPLICATIONS Inventofi g y Thomas M00", Rochester, 411,322 6/1934 Great Britain 350/175 TS [73] Assignee: Western Electric Company, Corbin Incorporated, New York, N.Y. y- Kam et [22] Filed: June 30, 1972 [57] ABSTRACT [21] Appl' 268,145 A multi-element, telecentric lens for use in a laser deflection system, or the like. The lens comprises a front [52] U.S. Cl. 350/226, 219/121 L, 350/175 TS, plano'convex element, a center plano'concave 350 20 ment, and a rear plano-convex element all of specified 51 Int. Cl. G021; 9/16, 00213 13/22 aperture and radii of curvature A laser beam entering 58 Field 61 sear-611 350/226, 175 TS, the entrance P p of the lens is brought to a focus at 350 20 212 the image plane in such a manner that the chief ray, and hence the image cone, is normal to the image 5 References Cited plane, regardless of the angle of the laser beam as it UNITED STATES PATENTS enters the entrance pupil of the lens. 3,419,321 12/1968 Barber et a1, 350/8 1 Claim, 2 Drawing Figures ENTRANCE PUPIL TELECENTRIC LENS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention Broadly speaking, this invention relates to optical lenses. More particularly, in a preferred embodiment, this invention relates to a multi-element, telecentric lens for use in laser deflection systems, or the like.

2. Description of the Prior Art The optical maser, or laser, is finding increasing use in industry as a convenient and powerful tool for machining various kinds of workpieces. For example, the use of a laser to drill, scribe, weld, or evaporate workpieces has been widely reported in the literature.

One successful application of these techniques is in the formation of vias, or through-holes, in the ceramic substrates which are used to manufacture multiplane printed-circuit boards. Each such substrate may typically have several hundred vias drilled therethrough in a seemingly random pattern. To create these vias the workpiece is subjected to repeated applications of laser energy, while relative motion is provided between the laser and the workpiece between successive energizations of the laser.

One widely used technique for providing this relative motion is to use an apparatus of the type wherein the laser and its associated optics is stationary, while the workpiece to be drilled is fastened to the bed of an X-Y table positioned beneath the laser. In use, the X-Y table is indexed to the position that the first via will occupy and the laser fired. The X-Y table is then advanced to the next via position and the laser fired a second time. This process is repeated until the entire workpiece has been treated in the desired manner.

Because of the physical dimensions and mass of an X-Y table, the above-discussed technique tends to be slow and has an accuracy which is limited by the accuracy of the X-X table. Accordingly, much attention has been given of late to alternative techniques wherein the workpiece is held stationary and the laser beam is deflected over the surface of the workpiece, by means of rotating mirrors or prisms, and the like.

Although faster and more accurate than the previously discussed technique, deflecting the laser beam over the surface of the workpiece introduces yet another problem, namely, the fact that the laser beam will no longer strike the surface of the workpiece at right angles. This, in turn, means that the vias, or throughholes, which are created in the workpiece will themselves no longer be normal to the surface of the workpiece, an undesirable situation for virtually all applica- SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION As a solution to the above problem, the instant invention contemplates a multi-element, telecentric lens comprising a first piano-convex lens element, a pianoconcave lens element, and a second plane-convex lens element of specified aperture and radii, combined into a single lens.

The lens and its mode of construction will be more fully understood from the following detailed description, taken with the drawing, in which:

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a multi-element, telecentric lens according to the invention; and

FIG. 2 illustrates the manner in which a laser beam strikes the surface of a workpiece in a prior art system, and in a system employing the lens according to FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 illustrates a telecentric lens 10 according to this invention. The lens comprises a first, plano-convex element 11, a plano-concave element 12 and a second plane-convex element 13. The mounts for the lens elements and the lens barrel have been omitted from the drawing as they are entirely conventional.

In FIG. 1, 16 represents the chief ray and 17 and 18 respectively represent the rays passing through the extreme upper and lower limits of the entrance pupil 21. The radius of curvature and thickness of each lens element, as well as the element-to-element spacing are set forth in Table I below.

TABLE I Element Radius Thickness (1) Clear Air Space (S) Aperture Entrance S,=l.8662cm 2.0 cm Pupil 21 Lens R,=+l2.960cm t,=0.500cm 2.5 cm Element 11 R S,=l5.86cm Lens R t =l.00cm 6.0 cm Element 12 R =+49473 S,=9.520 Lens R t =2.00 10.0 cm Element 13 R =-8.8487 Image Field 9.4 cm

Diameter In the lens as constructed, each lens element was fabricated from a high quality optical glass having an index of refraction of 1.50731 at A l.06p., for example,

Schott 8K7 optical glass. The lens had a focal length of 47.3 centimeters, a full object field of 12, and an f number of 23.7.

For use with a laser deflection system the deflecting mirror, or prism, would be positioned at the entrace pupil 21. Thus, the incoming laser beam would be at some arbitrary angle 4) to the optical axis, where 6 +6. By definition, the chief ray l6 intercepts the optical axis at the entrance pupil 21 and this ray is refracted by lens elements 11, 12 and 13 to impinge upon the image plane 22 at 23. In like manner, rays 17 and 18, which are just able to pass through the entrance pupil, are refracted by the lens elements to strike image plane 22 at 23. Thus, the entering laser beam is focused to a tine point at the image plane.

As shown more clearly in FIG. 2, in a laser deflection system utilizing a conventional lens, the chief ray, and hence the image cone, will make an angle of a degrees to the plane of the workpiece, where a +90.

By way of contrast, in a system employing the lens shown in FIG. 1, the chief ray, and hence the image cone, is normal to the surface of the workpiece, regardless of the angle at which the laser beam enters the entrance pupil of the lens. Importantly, the lens shown in FIG. 1 does not require the use of any cemented elements which would, of course, be destroyed by the high laser energy levels involved in most laser machining applications.

The instant lens has been successfully employed with a YAG laser having a power output of at least 10 watts per an average, for example, to evaporate a gold film from a ceramic substrate. The diameter of the focused spot was 0.002 inches.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that lenses of different focal length may be obtained by sealing the design parameters given above in Table I, in the conventional manner, and such lenses are encompassed by the appended claim.

What is claimed is:

1. A telecentric lens comprising a front plano-convex element, a central plane-concave element, and a rear plano-convex element, said lens being constructed according to the technical data given herebelow, the foci, radii, apertures and thicknesses being given in centimeters, wherein R R R R R and R are radii of refractive surface curvatures, t,, and t are axial thicknesses of the front, central and rear lens elements, re-

and where the entrance pupil, front, central, and rear lens elements, and the image field have clear apertures of 2.0, 2.5, 6.0, 10.0, and 9.4 cms, respectively. 

1. A telecentric lens comprising a front plano-convex element, a central plano-concave element, and a rear plano-convex element, said lens being constructed according to the technical data given herebelow, the foci, radii, apertures and thicknesses being given in centimeters, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 are radii of refractive surface curvatures, t1, t2, and t3 are axial thicknesses of the front, central and rear lens elements, respectively, n1, n2, and n 3 are the refractive indices at lambda 1.06 Mu of the front, central and rear lens elements, respectively, S1, S2, S3, S4 are the entrance pupil-to-front element, front element-to-central element, central element-torear element, and rear element-to-image plane distances, respectively, Focal Length 47.3 f 23.7 Object Field 12*R1 +12.960 t1 0.500 R2 infinity t2 1.00 R3 infinity t3 2.00 R4 +4.9473 S1 1.8662 R5 infinity S2 15.86R6 -8.8487 S3 9.520 S4 14.83 n1 1.50731, n2 1.50731,n3 1.50731 and where the entrance pupil, front, central, and rear lens elements, and the image field have clear apertures of 2.0, 2.5, 6.0, 10.0, and 9.4 cms, respectively. 